Your own experiences taking tests will probably lead you to agree with the scientific research finding that recall is more difficult than recognition. A multiple-choice test is an example of a recognition memory test, a measure of explicit memory that involves determining whether information has been seen or learned before. We rely on our recall memory when we take an essay test, because the test requires us to generate previously remembered information. A recall memory test is a measure of explicit memory that involves bringing from memory information that has previously been remembered. Figure 9.2 Types of Memory.Įxplicit memory is assessed using measures in which the individual being tested must consciously attempt to remember the information. Semantic memory refers to our knowledge of facts and concepts about the world (e.g., that the absolute value of −90 is greater than the absolute value of 9 and that one definition of the word “affect” is “the experience of feeling or emotion”). Episodic memory refers to the firsthand experiences that we have had (e.g., recollections of our high school graduation day or of the fantastic dinner we had in New York last year). As you can see in Figure 9.2, “Types of Memory,” there are two types of explicit memory: episodic and semantic. Explicit memory refers to knowledge or experiences that can be consciously remembered. When we assess memory by asking a person to consciously remember things, we are measuring explicit memory. Table 9.1 Memory Conceptualized in Terms of Types, Stages, and Processes.
Our discussion will focus on the three processes that are central to long-term memory: encoding, storage, and retrieval. In this section we will consider the two types of memory, explicit memory and implicit memory, and then the three major memory stages: sensory, short-term, and long-term (Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968). Then, in the next section, we will consider the nature of long-term memory, with a particular emphasis on the cognitive techniques we can use to improve our memories. Summarize the capacities of short-term memory and explain how working memory is used to process information in it.Īs you can see in Table 9.1, “Memory Conceptualized in Terms of Types, Stages, and Processes,” psychologists conceptualize memory in terms of types, in terms of stages, and in terms of processes.Explain the function and duration of eidetic and echoic memories.Compare and contrast explicit and implicit memory, identifying the features that define each.
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